GEOGRAPHY 2012



GEOGRAPHY
(For School Candidates Only)

Time: 3 Hours  
Instructions


1.This paper consists of sections A, B, C and D.

2.Answer ​all​ questions in sections A, B and C and ​one (1)​ question from each part of section D.

3.Map extract of Korogwe (Series Y742 sheet 129/2) is provided.

4.Credit will be given for the use of relevant sketch maps and diagrams.

5.Calculators and cellular phones are ​not​ allowed in the examination room.

6.Write your ​Examination Number​ on every page of your answer booklet(s)


SECTION A (25 Marks)
Answer ​all​ questions in this section.
PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY
1.For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and
write its letter beside the item number.
 (i)The outer layers of the earth include:
    A.  Atmosphere, Lithosphere and Troposphere
    B.  Atmosphere, Troposphere and Biosphere
    C.  Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Biosphere
    D.  Atmosphere, Lithosphere and Biosphere
    E.  Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Lithosphere.

(ii)Which of the following is the effect of mass wasting?
A.      Frost action
B.      Interlocking spur
C.      Rock fall
D.      Exfoliation
E.       Rock disintegration.

(iii)The columns of clay capped by boulders formed due to rain action are known as:
A.      soil creep
B.      gullies
C.      land slide
D.      earth pillars
E.       cuesta

(iv)Which of the following features is formed by river erosion?
A.      pot hole
B.      ox bow lake
C.      delta
D.      flood plain
E.       lagoon.

(v)Rotation of the earth results to:
    A.   elliptical orbit
    B.   change of seasons
    C.   day and night
    D.   leap year
    E.    standard time.

(vi)___________ are good examples of fold mountains in Africa.
A.      Uluguru and Oldoinyo Lengai
B.      Jos and Karoo
C.      Elgon and Kilimanjaro
D.      Atlas and Cape Ranges
E.       Udzungwa and Kilimanjaro.

(vii)Which one of the following is a process of wind erosion?
A.      Abrasion
B.      Corrosion
C.      Hydrolysis
D.      Exfoliation
E.       Attrition.

(viii)A great circle is a circle on a globe whose plane:
A.      passes through the centre of the globe
B.       has the shortest distance between two points
C.      is perpendicular with the globe
D.      marks a line of longitude
E.       marks a line of latitude.

(ix)The intensity of an earthquake is measured by:
A.      epicenter
B.      seismograph
C.      richter scale
D.      chronometer
E.       mercalli scale.

(x)Soil texture refers to:
   A. arrangement of soil particle
   B. size of individual soil particles
   C. soil catena
   D. soil PH
   E. grained structure.


2.Match the items in ​List A​ with the responses in ​List B​ by writing the letter of the correct
response beside the item number.
 
List A
List B

(i)The earth’s zone which is made up of
nickel and iron.

(ii)A wall like feature formed when a mass
of magma cuts across the bedding plane.

(iii)The upper most layer of the earth.

(iv)A sheet of magma which lies along the
bedding plane.

(v)Magma which reaches the earth’s surface and solidifies to form extrusive features.
A. Crust
B. Lava
C. Magma
D. Mode
E. Dyke
F. Sill
G. Core
H. Volcano
I. Batholiths
J. Mantle




3. (a) What is an earthquake?
    (b) Briefly explain five effects of earthquakes.
    (c) Describe four ways of reducing the risks of earthquakes.


SECTION B (27 Marks)
Answer ​all ​questions this section.
APPLICATION OF STATISTICS, INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH AND
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

4. Carefully study the hypothetical data presented below showing the export of crops from Tanzania.

The Export of Crops in Tonnes 


Year
Cloves
Sisal
Cotton

1990
4000
3500
7000

1991
2500
2000
4500

1992
3500
1500
6000

1993
6000
1000
8500

1994
6500
1500
9000


(a)Present the data using compound bar graph.
(b)Explain two advantages and disadvantages of compound bar graph.



5. (a)What is meant by sampling techniques as used in research?
    (b)Briefly explain the following concepts as they are applied in sampling:
    (i)A sample
   (ii)Random sampling
   (iii)Systematic sampling
   (iv)Stratified sampling

   (c)Outline the procedures of conducting an interview.

6.(a)(i)Define the term levelling survey.
        (ii)State four benefits of levelling survey.
   (b)Explain essential equipments used in levelling surveying.



SECTION C (28 Marks)
Answer ​all​ questions in this section.
MAP READING AND PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION
7. Study  the printed map extract of Korogwe (Series Y742 sheet 129/2), then answer the following questions:
(a)Describe the relief of the mapped area.
(b)Calculate the area of the whole map of Korogwe in Km​ square by using grid squares.
(c)Examine the settlement patterns of the area.
(d)Express the scale of the map into statement scale.

8.(a)Name three types of geographical photographs.
   (b)Specify the type of geographical photograph which is:
   (i)taken horizontally on the ground.
   (ii)used in map making.
   (c)Explain five differences between the photograph you have mentioned in (b) (ii) above and topographical maps. 

SECTION D (20 Marks)
Answer ​one (1)​ question from each part.
PART 1: ​REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES

9. By using concrete examples, explain five negative effects of tourism in East Africa.

10. Elaborate eight reasons indicating why the transportation sector is important to the economy of Tanzania.


PART II:​ ​ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

11.Explain eight environmental problems related to the rapid population growth.

12.(a)Describe five objectives of conducting census in a country.
     (b)Explain three limitations of census in African countries.


















 ANSWER (NECTA GEOGRAPHY 2012)
1.

i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
E
C
D
A
C
D
A
A
B
B

2.
i
ii
iii
iv
v
G
E
A
F
B

3 (a).Earthquake these are sudden earth movements or vibration in the earth’s crust.
   (b). Five effects of earthquakes are

    (i).  Loss of life and property. An earthquake is a natural disaster. For example, the earthquake that hit Toro in Uganda in 1966 killed 157 people, injured about 1300 people and destroyed about 6000 houses. Displacement parts of the earth’s crust vertically or laterally.

   (ii) They can raise or lower parts of the sea floor. The Agadir earthquake in Morocco in 1960 raised the sea floor off the coast. In some areas the depth of the sea decreased from 400 m to 15 m after the earthquake.

   (iii) They can raise or lower coastal rocks. In the Alaskan earthquake of 1899, some coastal rocks were raised by 16 m.

   (iv) They can cause landslide and open up deep cracks in the surface rocks. The El Asnam earthquake in Algeria, in 1954, destroyed an area of radius 40 km and opened up deep cracks up to 3 m deep.

   (v)  Destruction of infrastructure and houses in Bukoba Tanzania 2016 earth quake causes more than 100 without settlement.

  (c)  Four ways of reducing the risks of earthquakes are

  (i) Refraining from building high-rising structures on the land vulnerable to earthquake as well as strengthening buildings by using reinforced concrete, steel frames, deep foundations and light roofs.

 (ii) Geologists should detect epicentres and tell the people to evacuate the places likely to be affected by earthquakes.

 (iii) To avoid constructing very large water bodies like Kariba dam which can cause the earthquakes due to the weight of water and other materials.

 (iv) Discouraging the use of explosives like dynamites in breaking the rocks during mining and construction operations.

4 (a) COMPOUND BAR GRAPH REPRESENT THE EXPORT OF CROPS IN TONNES
 
(b)  Two advantages and disadvantages of compound bar graph are
           Advantages
   (i)  It is easy to read and interpret as the totals are clearly shown.
   (ii) It gives a clear visual impression of the total values.
           Disadvantages
   
   (i) The graph is very difficult to construct and interpret.
   (ii) It is not easy to represent a large number of components as this would involve very long bars with many segments.
     

5 (a). Sampling technique refers to te style of of collecting samples from the population.
   (b).(i) A Sample is the small number of population which represents the whole population

        (ii) Random Sampling is a type of probability sampling where by every individual has an equal chance to be selected in a sample. This technique involves selecting a sample randomly from the sampling frame without replacement. E.g. it is very common in Lottery’s such as Bingo and communication companies.

        (iii) Systematic Sampling is a sampling technique where by a sample is obtained randomly but in a systematic way. It is a sampling technique which involves selection of a sample randomly at regular intervals from the sampling frame

        (iv) Stratified  Sampling in this  Sampling Individuals for the sample are selected from different strata. Example: A researchers wishes to get a sample of 20 students from 5 schools he/she will have to select 4 students from each.

     (b) The following  are the  procedures of conducting an interview.
    (i)    Problem identification
    (ii)    Pre-surveying
    (iii)   Literature review
    (iv)   Formulation of hypothesis
    (v)    Research designing
    (vi)   Data collection
    (vii)   Data analysis
    (viii)  Hypothesis testing
    (ix)   Data interpretation and preservation
     (x)   Report writing

6 (a).(i) Leveling is a method or element of land surveying which deals with determining points on land surface above sea level. The points of known height are called benchmarks and they are determined from an assumed zero height point at sea level called datum. It employs leveling instrument such as theodolite and the abney level.
        
       (ii) four benefits of leveling survey
  • It helps to determine the relative heights on land that can be used in contour mapping.
  • Leveling can be used for determination of heights or elevation of the land surface such as hills, valleys, plans
  • Housing foundation, the location of industrial sites, the route of communication and sites of building can be located and determine with the help of leveling.
  • It is also important in the construction of routes of transport like roads and railways.
 (b)  Essential equipments used in leveling surveying.
      (i)  Leveling staff
      (ii) Survey Telescope
     (iii) Tape, chain and pegs.
     (iv) Note book and pencils.
     (v)  Spirit level or buble tube.

7(a). Relief features found on this mapped area are hills and mountain due to the presence of  hills name eg Lukoka  hill  and contour lines

 (b). (c) Area of whole map of Korogwe
calculating area using the square method
  (i) Count the full square covered by  whole map of Korogwe
  Full square= 168
  (ii) Also count half square covered by  whole map of Korogwe  and divide it by 2
  Half square = 42÷2
  Half square=21

(iii) Add full square and half square result obtained by divided half square by 2
  168+21=189

(iv) Convert map area into actual area
Scale =1:50000, this means 1cm = 1/2 km

  Use this scale to calculate whole map of Korogwe ( 1cm=1/2km)
Square both side 1cm=1/2km to get relationship between cm and km in square unit.
(1cm) square= (1/2) square
1cm square = 0.25km square

(v) find area of one square on the map.
To find the area of one square on the map, take a rule and measure the width multiply by itself.
Area of square = wxw
W= 2 so
A= 2x2
Area of one square on a map = 4cmsquare
  (vi) find the area of  whole map of Korogwe
1cm square =0.25 km square
4cm square = x
Cross multiplication
1xX= 4x 0.25
X= 1kmsquare
  Convert 189 square into kilometre square
  189x1km square= 189 km square
  Therefore Area of whole map of Korogwe  = 189km square

(c)   settlement patterns shown on a map are linear and nucleated settlement patterns because arrangement of  houses are concentrated in a  group in a relative areas and also arrangement of  houses are developed along  railway.

(d) Two centimetres on a map represent one kilometre on the actual  ground.

8(a).  Three types of photographs are
  (i) Horizontal or Ground photograph
  (ii) Oblique  photograph
  (iii) Vertical or Aerial  photograph

  (b)  The type of geographical photograph which is
  (i)taken horizontally on the ground is called  Horizontal or Ground photograph
  (ii)used in map making   is called   Vertical or Aerial  photograph

 (c)  Five differences between the Vertical or Aerial  photograph and  topographical maps are

 (i)   Topographical map represents a vertical “plan” of a region while Aerial  photograph presents a realistic image.

 (ii)   Topographical map cover large area compared to the Aerial  photograph

 (iii)  Topographical map contain keys and scale  while Aerial  photograph does not contain keys and scale

 (iv)  Topographical map show  grid references  while Aerial  photograph does not show  grid references

 (v)   Topographical map show both  latitudes and longitudes  while Aerial  photograph does not show latitudes and longitudes

9. Tourism refers to the travel of people away from home to other place for recreation, leisure, religious, family, or business purposes, usually of a limited duration. Tourism involves visiting places of interest like wildlife, beaches, museums etc,
    Five negative effects of tourism in East Africa are

 (i) Tourism poses a threat to natural and cultural resources such as water supply, beaches, coral reefs and pollution
 
(ii) Tourism can cause events such as terrorism, natural disasters and economic recession.

(iii) The tourists can lead to erosion of traditional cultures and values.

(iv) Bad behaviour and overcrowding to the host community

(v) Bad behaviour and overcrowding to the host community.

10. Transportation refers to the process of carrying  materials and people from one place to another. Major means of transport are three namely Land, Water and airport transport
       Eight reasons indicating why the transportation sector is important to the economy of Tanzania are as follow
  (i) It encourage the development of industries through the supply of raw materials and  transport materials to the markets or consumers

 (ii) It create employment in Tanzania for example some people are employed as drivers, stations masters etc

(iii) It  encourage the development of Tourism in  Tanzania.

(iv) It can make  goods available where are they demanded.

(v)  It lead to the promotion of trade in the World

(vi) It enhance the accessibility of places.

(vii) It  facilitate spread of tecnology in Tanzania

(viii) It lead to the intensification of Unity among nations.
 
11.  Environment refers to all external conditions surrounding an organism and which have influence over its behaviour and activities.
        Eight environmental problems related to the rapid population growth are

( i ) .    Environmental pollution.
( ii ) .    Loss of biodiversity.
( iii ) .   Soil erosion and land degradation.
( iv ) .   Desertification.
( v ) .    Flooding.
( vi ) .   Acid rain.
 ( vii ) . Harmful radiation.
( viii ) . Drought

12.(a) Census is an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.
       five objectives of conducting census in a country are

 (i) Determining the major demographic and socio-economic traits of the population.

 (ii) Updating the data basis of population register.

  (ii) Providing necessary information for sectoral planning (health, education, etc.).

 (iv) Identifying geographic areas lacking certain services so that remedial measures can be taken.

 (v) Providing data on buildings conditions (private or public) and their occupancy status, so current and future housing needs can properly be evaluated.

 ( b ) Three limitations of census in African countries are

 (i) Cost of Conducting Census
 (ii)  Traditional and Religious Beliefs can Interfere with the Census Exercise
 (ii)  Insufficient Census Experts
































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