GEOGRAPHY 2014

GEOGRAPHY

(For Both School and Private Candidates)

Time: 3 Hours  

     Instructions

 1. This paper consists of sections A, B, C and D.

 2. Answer all​questions in sections A, B and C and ​one (1)​ question from each part of section D.

 3. Map extract of Songwe River (sheet 244/3) is provided.

 4. Credit will be given for the use of relevant sketch maps and diagrams.

 5. Calculators and cellular phones are ​not​ allowed in the examination room.

 6. Write your ​Examination Number​ on every page of your answer booklet(s)

SECTION A (25 Marks)

Answer all​questions in this section.

PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY

1.       For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and

Write its letter beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

(i)Zeugens and yadangs differ in

   A position of the rock strata

   B position of the rock in the slope

   C place of formation

   D colour of the rock on which they are formed

   E the type of the rock on which they are formed.

 (ii)An old age stage of the river is called

   A Valley Stage

   B Torrent Stage

   C Plain Stage

   D Mature Stage

   E Youthful Stage.

 (iii)The summer solstice in the northern hemisphere occurs on

   A23​rd​ September

   B 21​st​ September

   C  22​nd​ December

   D 21​st​ March

   E 21​st​ June.

 (iv)A Stevenson’s box is painted by white colour in order to

   A improve insulation

   B be seen clearly

   C decorate it

   D allow thermometers to be placed

   E allow movement of air.

 (v)A stony desert is called

   A Hamada

   B reg

   C barchan

   D erg

   E rock pedestal.

 (vi)The temperature at Korogwe 950 metres is 24°C. What is the temperature of Kilimanjaro 5895 metres above sea level?

   A 34°C.

   B 5.67°C.

   C 18.1°C.

   D10.24°C.

   E 32°C.

(vii)When two lateral forces act away from each other are known as

   A horizontal forces

   B orogenic forces

   C vertical forces

   D compression forces

   E tension forces.

(viii)Water vapour is turned into water droplets in the process known as

   A evaporation

   B convection

   C saturation

   D condensation

   E transpiration.

(ix)Which of the following features produced by ice action is the result of both erosional and

depositional activities?

   A Arête.

   B Hanging Valley.

   C Erratic.

   D Cirque.

   E Roche Mountonee.

(x)The name given to earthquake waves that travel within a crust is

   A focus

   B epicenter

   C seismic

   D surface waves

    E body waves

2. Match the items in ​List A​ with the responses in ​List B​ by writing the letter of the correct  response beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

List A	List B
(i)A mass of magma which has emerged on the earth’s surface. (ii)A wall like feature formed when magma cuts across a bedding plane. (iii)A sheet of magma which lies along a bedding plane. (iv)A very large mass of magma which often forms the root of a mountain. (v)A dome-shaped feature formed when magma push up the overlaying layers.	A laccoliths B caldera C sills D volcano E lava F crater G dyke H cone let I batholiths J lava cones

3. (a)Explain four mechanisms developed by plants in semi arid regions to adapt drought  conditions.    (b)Describe the characteristics of equatorial forest.

SECTION B (27 Marks)

Answer ​all questions this section.

APPLICATION OF STATISTICS, INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH AND ELEMENTARY

SURVEYING

4.The table below shows agricultural production in Tanzania from 2000 to 2006 in `000 tonnes.

CROPS	2000	2001	2002	2003
Maize	65	35	60	70
Tobacco	25	30	20	25
Coffee	50	60	45	45

(a)Present the data by using a grouped line graph.

(b)Comment on the nature of production.

5. (a)What is a research problem?

(b)Name four sources of research problem.

(c)Explain four characteristics of research problem.

6. (a)Define chain survey.

(b)Give the main use of the following equipments in simple chain survey.

(i)Pegs

(ii)Cross staff

(iii)Arrows

(iv)Tape

(v)Chain

(vi)Ranging rods

(vii)Field sheet

(viii)An optical square.

SECTION C (28 Marks)

Answer ​all​questions in this section.

MAP READING AND PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION

7. Study  the printed map extract of Songwe River (sheet 244/3), then answer the following  questions:

(a)Calculate the area covered by forest in km​ square​  by using grid square method.

 (b)Measure the length of railway line form grid references 040118 to 130122.

 (c)Describe the nature of the relief of the area.

(d)Name four physical features found on the map.

 (e)Giving evidences from the map, suggest three economic activities taking place in the  area.

8. Study the photograph given below and then answer the questions that follow:

 (a)With two reasons, identify the type of the photograph.

 (b)Identify the type of the settlement pattern seen on the photograph.

 (c)Name two economic importances of the area shown on the photograph.

 (d)Explain two social and environmental problems that are likely to occur in the area.

SECTION D (20 Marks)

Answer ​one (1)​ question from each part.

PART 1: ​REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES

9.Suggest eight ways that may be adopted to solve the problems facing forestry in Tanzania.

10.Explain eight characteristics of shifting cultivation.

PART II:​ ​ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT

11.Describe the natural and human causes of loss of biodiversity.

12.Examine the eight factors which lead to the growth of settlements in different parts of a country.

ANSWER GEOGRAPHY NECTA 2014

1.

i	ii	iii	iv	v	vi	vii	viii	ix	x
A	C	A	A	B	B	E	D	A	C

2.

i	ii	iii	iv	v
E	G	C	J	A

3 (a).The following are the  four mechanisms developed by plants in semi arid regions to adapt drought  conditions.
 (i)  They have long roots which  capable of moving deep to search for water.
 (ii) They have thick cuticles which prevent water loss by evaporation and transpiration.
 (iii) They have very few leaves to minimize the surface area for water
 (iv) They shed off their leaves during dry seasons.

 (b) The following are the characteristics of equatorial forest. 
 (i) . There are no marked seasons of the year
 (ii) . High temperature about 270C throughout the year
 (iii) . The annual temperature range is about 3°C.
 (iv) The daily mean temperatures are about 26°C all the year round.
 (v) . The daily temperature range is rarely more than 8°C because of the thick cloud cover.
 (vi) . Rainfall is heavy and is usually convection rain.
 (vii)  Rainfalls usually occur in the afternoons and they are accompanied by lightning and thunder.
 (viii)  The annual rainfall is about 2000mm
 (ix) . High humidity and intensive cloud cover throughout the year.

     GRAPH PRESENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA FROM 2000 TO 2003 IN 000 TONNES
4.(a) 

5(a). research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve.
  (b) . The following are the four sources of research problem
  (i)  Personal experience
  (ii) Conclusion from various theories
 (iii) Literature reviews. Practical issues
 (iv) Deductive and inductive reasoning

 (c) The following are the four characteristics of research problem.
 (i)  The research problem must be carefully selected and come from the researcher’s mind.
 (ii)  Must be clear, precise and meaningful.
 (iii) . It must relate to the subject of interest e.g A Geographer can do a research on the following issues;      Climate, soil, etc.
(iv)  The research problem must be short and clear to avoid vague and ambiguity.

 6. (a) chain survey is the surveying method in which linear measurements of an area are taken.

 (b)  The following are the main use of  equipments used in simple chain survey.

 (i)Pegs  made up of wood ,they normally have 40cm to 50 cm long and width of 4mm squares. It used for marking permanent stations. 

(ii)Cross staff Is a wood rod with about 6 feet long used to determine the right angle in survey line (to make off sets)  

(iii)Arrows are made of steel wire of diameter 4mm and their ends are bent into a circle where red cloth is tied to facilitate visibility. They are used for showing points on the ground. 

(iv)Tape is made from fiberglass or a steel strip and is 10m, 20m or 30m in length graduated in 10mm divisions and numbered at each 100mm (10) divisions.It is used for measuring short distances 

(v)Chain chain is made up of steel wire which is divided into links and togs (rings) to facilitate folding.It is used as a unit of measurement 

(vi)Ranging rods  made of wood, their length is about 6-10 feet .they are marked red and white or black so as to be seen easily. Used to mark permanent station in the survey line. 

(vii)Field sheet used during field work to record data obtained. 

(viii)An optical square a very simple geodetic instrument that is used to lay off angles that are multiples of 90° or of 45°.

 7(a). Area covered by forest in km​ square​  by using grid square method.

calculating area using the square method

         (i) Count the full square covered by lake Tanganyika on a map

                    Full square= 5

          (ii) Also count half square covered by Tanganyika on a map and divide it by 2 

                        Half square =   7÷2

                         Half square=3.5

          

          (iii) Add full square and half square result  obtained by divided half square by 2

                        5+3.5=8.5

       

          (iv) Convert map area into actual area

                         Scale =1:50000, this means 1cm = 1/2 km 

                    Use this scale to calculate area area covered by forest ( 1cm=1/2km)

                                       Square both side 1cm=1/2km to get relationship between cm and km in square unit.                    

                        (1cm) square= (1/2) square

                        1cm square = 0.25km square

           (v) find area of one square on the map.

                                    To find the area of one square on the map, take a rule and measure the width multiply by itself.

                                Area of square = wxw 

                                      W= 2 so  

                                         A= 2x2

                                        Area of one square on a map = 4cm square

            (vi) find the area covered by forest  

                  1cm square =0.25 km square

                  4cm square = x

                              Cross multiplication

                           1xX= 4x 0.25

                               X= 1kmsquare

                  Convert 8.5square into kilometre square

                                 8.5x1km square= 8.5 km square

  Therefore Area covered by forest   = 8.5km square.

(b) To measure the distance of the  railway line form grid references 040118 to 130122 using a sheet of paper.

               By using a piece of paper the map distance of railway is 20.Cm.

                  Scale on map = 1:50000

            Change. 1:50000 into kilometers.

            1km  = 100000cm

            X       = 50000cm

     100000x = 50000x1

                  x = 50000/100000

                  x =1/2 km (one a half)

So.   1Cm = 1/2 km

          20= X

          X=20x 1/2

         X= 10 km

  Therefore distance of the railway is 10 km

(c) The nature of the relief of the area is hilly  highland

(d) Physical features found on the map are
 (i)  hilly
 (ii) valley
 (iii) Plain land

 (e) Three economic activities taking place in the  area are
 (i)  Transport due to the presence of Tanzania Zambia Railway (  TAZARA) and underground pipeline TAZAMA
 (ii) communication  due to the presence of telephone line
(iii)  Cultivation  due to the scattered cultivation.

 (a) The type of the photograph is oblique  due to the following reasons
 (i) The photograph taken when a camera is slanting at an angle less than 90°
 (ii) The photographer is standing on an elevated ground and hold the camera on an angle towards the lower ground

 (b) The type of the settlement pattern seen on the photograph is nucleated settlement pattern

 (c) Two economic importances of the area shown on the photograph are
(i) Employment opportunity due to offices shown on the photograph  
(ii) Revenue collected by government after rent their buildings boost economy of a country

 (d) Two social and environmental problems that are likely to occur in the area are
        Environmental problems
(i)  Air pollution
(ii) Inadequate waste management
                                                                                                                                                                            Social  problems
(i)  Overpopulation
(ii) Spread of diseases

9. Forestry refers to  all activities related to the establishment  (in case of man planted trees ), development and exploitation of forest.
     The following are the eight ways that may be adopted to solve the problems facing forestry in Tanzania.
(i). Reforestation or re planting of trees both local and exotic species in the depleted areas.
(ii). The opening of new forest estates
(iii). Establishment of game and forest reserves where the cutting of trees or hunting is completely restricted.
(iv). Educating the people importance of sustainable use of forestry resources.
(v). The government should make sure that the population control is encouraged in order to reduce over population which is dangerous to forestry resources.
(vi). Use of other alternative energy resources e.g solar energy.
(vii) Agricultural methods should be improved so as to encourage proper land use methods like shifting cultivation should be discouraged.
(viii) Destocking (reducing the number of animals) should be encouraged among the pastoralists, because having too many animal leads to the destruction of vegetation.

 10. Shifting cultivation is the system in which a peasant keeps on shifting from one area to another as a result of soil exhaustion.
       The following are the eight characteristics of   shifting cultivation
(i)More than one crop can be harvested in a plot
(ii)  It is the oldest method of cultivation
(iii) It is practiced when there is low population  for easy shifting and possession of a certain piece of land
(iv) Peasant keeps on shifting from one area to another as a result of soil exhaustion.
(v) The crops grown most of them being scanty crops
(vi) It involves slashing and burning of bushes and grasses
(vii) Production is for subsistence Simple tools are used like hand hoes because of low technology
(viii) The cultivators do not have permanent settlements since they expect to leave any time , sites are selected in the virgin forest and therefore tend to be fertile.

11.     Biodiversity refers to a variety of species of living organisms both plants and animals (flora and fauna).           Loss of biodiversity: Refers to the disappearance of different plants and animal species in a particular geographical unit or community.
       
          The following are the natural and human causes of loss of biodiversity
         
          1. NATURAL FACTORS.
( i )  global warming
( ii) Floods which kill most of the organisms
(iii) Landslides and other types of mass wasting
(iv) Earthquakes kill organisms in large number

          2. HUMAN FACTORS
 ( i ) Pollution, poison of air, water and soil lead to the death of living organisms.
 (ii ) Illegal fishing when people use dynamites, bombs and poisoning lead to death of fish and other organisms.
 (iii ) Poaching, this is the illegal killing of wild animals eg, killing of Elephants, Rhino and Zebra for various purposes.
 (iv) Wars; when wars breakout the weapons kill not only people but also other organisms.

12.      Settlement is the place where people live together and engage in various social, economic, and political activities. Example: industrial activities, Agricultural activities, educational activities.

             The following are the eight factors which lead to the growth of settlements in different parts of a country.
  (i) Provision of social services, People migrate from their original places and live near areas where social services are easily available to them. Example of social services are health centres, schools, electricity and water supply.

  (ii) Agriculture is the major activity undertaken in rural areas.

  (iii)  Trading is a major activities under taken in urban areas.

  (iv)  Climate conditions, people settle in good climatic areas. Rainfall and temperature have a great influence from human settlement. Areas that receive abundant rainfall and favourable temperature attract more people. This is because people are able to engage in both subsistence and commercial farming such areas are Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, Ruvuma and Iringa region where there is abundant rainfall.

  (v) Relief, it is a strong factor influencing settlement. Gentle slopes are ideal areas for building houses as they are well drained. Steep stops are usually uninhabited because they have thin soils which inhibit growth of crops and pasture.

  (vi) Vegetation cover, vegetation is the total plants cover over an area. Thick vegetation discourages establishment of settlement. Dense forest such as Congo of central Africa and Amazon, in South America are not accessible. They may also be habitants for dangerous wild animals and disease carrying vectors.

  (vii)  Economic factor, people establish settlement in places which offer economic opportunities. Migration from rural to urban centres is mainly due to prospects for employment and trading opportunities. Mining activities also leads to the establishments of settlements for example development of Mwadui towns was the results of Mwadui Diamond mines.

  (viii) Cultural factors, some areas may be productive but due to some cultural beliefs people may be prohibited to establish settlements on such areas. Example mumbanitu forest in Njombe.